Perau Victor Technology in the Business Environment Exam

The central tenet of Carr's perspective is that contrary to popular belief, information technology is the latest in a series of broadly adopted technologies that have reshaped industry. Furthermore, though fast-adopting companies gained advantages initially, now IT is merely a commodity input as availability increases and cost plummets much like the use of the telephone and electric power. Carr advocates a defensive posture for IT management -- spend less and focus on vulnerabilities, not opportunities. Langer addresses the same issue, however he takes a more opportunistic and ambitious perspective on IT management advocating a philosophy of adaptive organization. He argues that much like IT is a dynamic field, its management must also be flexible...

To critique Carr's perspective that IT is a fixed commodity, IT is instead as per Langer a driving force in innovation which leads to revenue generation.
Question 4:

Langer's Applied Individual Learning Wheel can be compared to Borman and Deal's leadership approach through their mutual focus on team responsibility, engagement and goal setting. Langer's learning concept is a mechanism to help staff actively engage with their surroundings via meetings, coaches, workbooks, etc. On the topic. This is in contrast with a passive reactive mode in which cognitions, behaviors and other responses unfold automatically and mindlessly. Likewise, Borman and Deal argue that leadership is a blend of four different strategies: political, structural, symbolic and human resources. By actively…